In the winter of 2025, the sea breeze in Boca Chica, Texas, remained salty and fierce, while the air on Wall Street was unusually restless.
On December 13, news shot to the top of financial headlines like a heavy Falcon rocket: SpaceX's latest round of internal stock sales has locked the company's valuation at $800 billion.
A memo revealed that SpaceX is actively preparing for an IPO in 2026, planning to raise over $30 billion. Musk hopes the company's overall valuation will reach $1.5 trillion. If successful, this would place SpaceX's market value close to the record level set by Saudi Aramco during its 2019 listing.
For Musk, this is an incredibly surreal moment.
As the world's richest person, his personal wealth will once again break historical records with the launch of SpaceX's "super rocket," making him the first trillionaire in human history.
Rewind the clock 23 years, and no one would have believed this outcome. Back then, in the eyes of giants like Boeing and Lockheed Martin, SpaceX was just a "manufacturing underdog" that could be crushed at any moment.
More accurately, it seemed like a never-ending disaster.
When a Man Decides to Build Rockets
In 2001, Elon Musk was 30 years old.
He had just cashed out from PayPal, holding hundreds of millions of dollars in cash, standing at a typical Silicon Valley "point of financial freedom." He could have become an investor or a evangelist like a16z founder Marc Andreessen after selling his company, or even done nothing at all.
But Musk chose the most unimaginable path.
He wanted to build rockets and go to Mars.
For this dream, he took two friends to Russia, attempting to purchase refurbished Dnepr launch vehicles as transport for the Mars Oasis plan.
The outcome was humiliating.
During a meeting with the Lavochkin design bureau, a chief Russian designer spat at Musk, believing this American upstart knew nothing about aerospace technology. Ultimately, they offered an exorbitant price and hinted he should "get out if he couldn't afford it." The team returned empty-handed.
On the flight back, his companions were dejected, but Musk tapped away on his computer. Moments later, he turned around and showed them a spreadsheet: "Hey, I think we can build it ourselves."
That year, China had just launched Shenzhou-2. Spaceflight was seen as a "miracle" achievable only by national power, a game for major nations. For a private company to want to build a rocket was as laughable as an elementary school student claiming to build a nuclear reactor in their backyard.
This was SpaceX's "zero to one."
Growth is Constant Failure
In February 2002, in a 75,000-square-foot old warehouse at 1310 East Grand Avenue, El Segundo, a suburb of Los Angeles, SpaceX was officially founded.
Musk took $100 million from his PayPal proceeds as seed money, setting the company's vision as the "Southwest Airlines of the space industry," providing low-cost, highly reliable space transportation services.
But reality soon dealt this idealist a heavy blow. Building rockets was not only difficult but also prohibitively expensive.
An old saying in the aerospace industry goes: "You can't even wake Boeing up without a billion dollars."
Musk's $100 million seed money seemed like a drop in the bucket in this industry. More严峻ly, SpaceX faced a market tightly controlled by century-old giants like Boeing and Lockheed Martin, who not only had strong technical capabilities but also deep government networks.
They were used to monopoly, accustomed to hefty government contracts, and had only one attitude towards the newcomer SpaceX: watch and laugh.
In 2006, SpaceX's first rocket, "Falcon 1," stood on the launch pad.
It was both a tribute to DARPA's Falcon project and an homage to the Millennium Falcon from Star Wars. It was small, even a bit shabby, like a half-finished product.
Unsurprisingly, 25 seconds after liftoff, the rocket exploded.
2007, second launch. Flew for a few minutes before losing control and crashing.
Mockery poured in. Someone commented sarcastically: "Does he think rockets are like code? Can he just patch them?"
August 2008, the third failure was the most devastating. The first and second stages collided, turning the newly ignited hope into fragments over the Pacific Ocean.
The atmosphere changed completely. Engineers began losing sleep, suppliers demanded cash, the media was no longer polite. Most致命ly, the money was almost gone.
2008 was the darkest year of Musk's life.
The financial crisis swept the globe, Tesla was on the brink of bankruptcy, his wife of ten years left him... SpaceX had funds only for one last launch. If the fourth attempt failed, SpaceX would dissolve, and Musk would be left with nothing.
Just then, the sharpest blow came.
Musk's childhood idols, "first man on the moon" Neil Armstrong and "last man on the moon" Gene Cernan, publicly stated they完全不看好 his rocket plans. Armstrong直言, "You don't understand what you don't know."
Recalling this period later, Musk welled up in front of the camera. He didn't cry when rockets blew up, he didn't cry when the company was near bankruptcy, but mentioning his idols'嘲讽, he cried.
Musk told the host: "These people were heroes to me. It was really tough. I really wish they could come see how hard my work is."
Subtitles then appeared on screen: Sometimes, the very people you look up to let you down.
Survival Against All Odds
Before the fourth launch, no one talked about the Mars plan anymore.
The entire company was shrouded in a悲壮的 silence. Everyone knew this Falcon 1 was cobbled together with the last few coins. If it failed, the company was doomed to解散.
On launch day, there were no grand declarations, no passionate speeches. Just a group of people standing in the control room, silently staring at the screens.
September 28, 2008, the rocket lifted off, a fire dragon lighting up the night sky.
This time, the rocket didn't explode, but the control room remained dead silent until 9 minutes later, when the engine shut down as planned, and its payload entered the intended orbit.
"Success!"
Thunderous applause and cheers erupted in the control center. Musk raised his arms high, his brother Kimball beside him began to cry.
Falcon 1 made history. SpaceX became the world's first privately-funded commercial company to successfully launch a rocket into orbit.
This success not only saved SpaceX but also won the company a long-term "life extension pill."
On December 22, Musk's phone rang, drawing a close to his disastrous 2008.
NASA's space operations chief, William Gerstenmaier, brought good news: SpaceX had been awarded a $1.6 billion contract for 12 round-trip transport missions between the space station and Earth.
"I love NASA," Musk blurted out, later changing his computer login password to "ilovenasa".
Having walked the edge of death, SpaceX survived.
Jim Cantrell, an early participant in SpaceX's rocket development and the friend who had lent Musk his university rocket textbooks, recalled the successful launch of Falcon 1 with great emotion:
"Elon Musk's success is not because he is visionary, not because he is exceptionally smart, nor because he works tirelessly—though all these are true—but the most crucial element of his success is that the word 'failure' is not in his dictionary. Failure is simply not within his realm of thought."
Making Rockets Fly Back
If the story ended here, it would just be an inspiring legend.
But the truly formidable part of SpaceX was just beginning.
Musk insisted on a goal that seemed irrational: Rockets must be reusable.
Almost all internal experts opposed it. Not because it was technically impossible, but because it was too激进 commercially, akin to "no one recycles disposable cups."
But Musk persisted.
He argued that if airplanes were thrown away after one flight, no one could afford to fly. If rockets weren't reusable, spaceflight would forever remain a game for the few.
This was Musk's underlying logic, first principles.
Going back to the beginning, why did Musk, a programmer by background, dare to personally build rockets?
In 2001, after翻阅无数专业书籍, Musk used an Excel spreadsheet to详细拆解 the various cost components of building a rocket. The analysis showed that rocket manufacturing costs were artificially inflated dozens of times by traditional aerospace giants.
These cash-rich giants were comfortable in their "cost-plus" comfort zone. A single screw cost hundreds of dollars, while Musk would ask: "How much does the raw material, aluminum and titanium, sell for on the London Metal Exchange? Why does making it into a part make it a thousand times more expensive?"
If costs were artificially inflated, they could definitely be pushed down.
Guided by first principles, SpaceX embarked on a path with almost no retreat.
Launch repeatedly, analyze after explosions, keep trying after analysis,反复尝试回收.
All doubts ceased on that winter night.
December 21, 2015, a day destined to be recorded in the history of human spaceflight.
A Falcon 9 rocket carrying 11 satellites launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Ten minutes later, a miracle happened. The first-stage booster successfully returned to the launch site, landing vertically on the Florida landing pad like something out of a sci-fi movie.
At that moment, the old rules of the aerospace industry were彻底粉碎.
The era of cheap spaceflight was ushered in by this once "underdog" company.
Building Starship with Stainless Steel
If recovering rockets was SpaceX's challenge to physics, then building Starship with stainless steel was Musk's "dimensional reduction strike" on engineering.
In the early development of "Starship," aimed at colonizing Mars, SpaceX also fell into the myth of "high-tech materials." The industry consensus was that to fly to Mars, the rocket had to be light enough, thus requiring expensive, complex carbon fiber composites.
To this end, SpaceX invested heavily,制造了巨大的碳纤维缠绕模具. However, slow progress and high costs alerted Musk. He returned to first principles and did the math:
Carbon fiber cost $135 per kilogram and was extremely difficult to process; whereas 304 stainless steel, the material used for kitchen pots and pans, cost only $3 per kilogram.
"But stainless steel is too heavy!"
Facing engineers'质疑, Musk pointed out an overlooked physical truth: melting point.
Carbon fiber had poor heat resistance and required heavy, expensive heat shield tiles. Stainless steel had a melting point高达 1400°C, and its strength actually increased under the super-cold temperatures of liquid oxygen. Factoring in the weight of the thermal protection system, a rocket made from "clumsy" stainless steel had a total system weight comparable to carbon fiber, but the cost was reduced by 40 times!
This decision彻底解放ed SpaceX from the shackles of precision manufacturing and aerospace materials. They didn't need clean rooms; they could weld rockets like water towers under a tent in the Texas wilderness. If it blew up, no big deal, sweep up the碎片 and weld again tomorrow.
This first-principles thinking permeates SpaceX's entire development history. From questioning "Why can't rockets be reused?" to "Why must space materials be expensive?", Musk always starts from the most basic physical laws, challenging the industry's existing assumptions.
"Using cabbage-price materials for top-tier engineering" is SpaceX's core competency.
Starlink is the Real Game Changer
Technological breakthroughs brought a狂飙 in valuation.
From $1.3 billion in 2012, to $400 billion in July 2024, to the current $800 billion, SpaceX's valuation truly "rode a rocket."
But what truly supports this sky-high valuation is not the rockets, but Starlink.
Before Starlink, SpaceX, for ordinary people, was just that spectacular image in the news that occasionally exploded or landed.
Starlink changed everything.
This low-earth orbit constellation composed of thousands of satellites is becoming the world's largest internet service provider. It is turning "spaceflight" from a spectacle into infrastructure like water and electricity.
Whether on a cruise ship in the middle of the Pacific Ocean or in war-torn ruins, as long as there is a pizza-box-sized receiver,信号 will pour down from hundreds of kilometers away in近地轨道.
It has not only changed the global communications landscape but also become a super money-printing machine, providing SpaceX with a continuous stream of cash flow.
As of November 2025, Starlink's global active subscribers have reached 7.65 million, with actual coverage users exceeding 24.5 million. North America contributes 43% of subscriptions, while emerging markets like Korea and Southeast Asia contribute 40% of new users.
This is also why Wall Street dares to give SpaceX its astronomical valuation—not because of how frequently rockets are launched, but because of the recurring revenue from Starlink.
Financial data shows SpaceX's projected revenue for 2025 is $15 billion,预计 to surge to $22-24 billion in 2026, with over 80% of revenue coming from the Starlink business.
This means SpaceX has completed a华丽转身. It is no longer just a航天 contractor dependent on contracts but has evolved into a global telecom giant with a垄断-level moat.
The Eve of the IPO
If SpaceX successfully raises $30 billion in its IPO as desired, it will surpass the record $29 billion raised by Saudi Aramco in 2019, becoming the largest IPO in history.
According to some investment bank predictions, SpaceX's final IPO valuation might even冲击 $1.5 trillion, potentially challenging the $1.7 trillion上市 record set by Saudi Aramco in 2019, directly跻身 the top 20 listed companies globally by market cap.
Behind this string of astronomical numbers, the first to沸腾 are the employees at the Boca Chica and Hawthorne factories.
In the recent internal stock sale, the price of $420 per share意味着 that those engineers who once slept on the factory floor with Musk and endured countless "production hells" will see a large number of millionaires and even billionaires emerge.
But for Musk, the IPO is by no means a traditional "cash out and exit"; it is an expensive "refueling."
Previously, Musk had always opposed going public.
At a SpaceX all-hands meeting in 2022, Musk poured cold water on employees' hopes for an上市: "Going public is absolutely an invitation to pain, and stock prices only serve as a distraction."
Three years later, what changed Musk's mind?
No matter how ambitious the vision, it requires capital support.
According to Musk's timeline, within two years, the first Starship will conduct an uncrewed Mars landing test; within four years, human footprints will be imprinted on the red soil of Mars. His ultimate vision—establishing a self-sustaining city on Mars within 20 years through the shuttling of 1000 Starships—requires funding that remains an astronomical figure.
He has直言 in interviews that the sole purpose of accumulating wealth is to make humanity a "multi-planetary species." From this perspective, the tens of billions raised from the IPO can be seen as Musk collecting "interstellar tolls" from Earthlings.
We are full of anticipation. The largest IPO in human history will not ultimately turn into yachts or mansions; they will all be transformed into fuel, steel, and oxygen, paving that long road to Mars.
