韩国交易所“大战”监管机构,挑战执法、立法边界

marsbitPublicado em 2026-05-11Última atualização em 2026-05-11

Resumo

韩国加密行业正与金融监管机构FIU(金融情报分析院)爆发正面冲突。过去FIU通过反洗钱法规对交易所严格处罚,但近期交易所开始通过法律诉讼和行业倡议系统性挑战其监管依据。 首尔行政法院在一审中撤销了FIU对Upbit运营公司Dunamu的部分营业停止处分,认为FIU对违规标准和处罚依据说明不足。法院强调,监管机构实施重罚必须证明交易所在明确规则下存在故意或重大过失。FIU已就此案提出上诉。同样,法院也暂停了FIU对Bithumb的六个月营业停止处分,以避免审理期间造成不可逆的损失。 在立法层面,韩国拟修订《特定金融信息法》,计划将1000万韩元以上加密资产转移一律纳入可疑交易报告范围。行业自律组织DAXA强烈反对,指出该“毒丸条款”可能违反法律保留原则,并将导致STR报告量暴增85倍,淹没真正的高风险信号,反而削弱反洗钱效率。 深层矛盾在于,韩国加密市场活跃但综合监管框架尚未成熟,目前主要依赖FIU的执法。交易所从被动接受转向通过司法和立法程序挑战监管,标志着韩国加密监管进入新阶段,监管规则本身的正当性将受到更严格审视。这场冲突短期内可能升级,但长期或有助于推动韩国建立更成熟、可持续的加密监管体系。

作者:Zen,PANews

韩国加密行业正在进入一场罕见的正面监管冲突。

过去几年,韩国金融情报分析院(FIU)一直是韩国加密交易所最重要的反洗钱监管机构。围绕未申报海外 VASP、客户确认义务(KYC/CDD)、Travel Rule 和可疑交易报告(STR),FIU 对多家头部交易所连续开出重罚,监管姿态明显趋严。

但近段时间,交易所一方不再只是被动接受处罚,而是开始通过法院诉讼、行业协会意见书等方式,系统性挑战 FIU 的处分依据和规则设计。

FIU重罚之后,法院连踩刹车

交易所与监管部门的第一条战线,发生在法院。

今年4月初,首尔行政法院判决Upbit运营公司Dunamu在一审中胜诉,撤销 FIU 对其作出的部分营业停止处分。FIU 此前指控 Dunamu 在 2022 年 8 月至 2024 年 8 月期间,涉及后来被确认与未申报 VASP 相关的 100 万韩元以下出金交易,并据此作出 3 个月部分营业停止及高额罚款等处罚。

法院并未否认交易所存在反洗钱义务,但其认为 FIU 对违规标准和营业停止依据的说明不够明确。法院认为,对于100万韩元以下交易,当时监管标准和具体操作指引并未充分明确。而在 Dunamu 已采取一定阻断和监控措施的情况下,难以直接认定其存在故意或重大过失。

也就是说,法院在审查中关切的不仅是交易所的 AML 义务本身,更强调FIU以何种标准来支持重处分。这对 FIU 是一个非常关键的司法信号,表明监管机构要用“营业停止”这种重处罚,就必须证明交易所在明确规则之下仍然明显违反义务,而不能用事后结果倒推交易所有重大过失。

不过,FIU对于以上法院判决表示不服,最近已就Dunamu相关案件提出上诉。

除了Upbit外,Bithumb 案件也已呈现类似走向。FIU 今年 3 月对 Bithumb 作出 6 个月部分营业停止和 368 亿韩元罚款处分,理由包括与海外未申报 VASP 交易、客户确认义务履行不足等,被视为监管机构的另一起最高强度处罚。

但 4 月 30 日,首尔行政法院也接受了 Bithumb 的执行停止申请,决定在本案判决之后30日之前,暂停 FIU 6 个月部分营业停止处分的效力。法院给出的理由是,如果处分继续执行,Bithumb 在本案审理期间可能已经承受部分或全部营业停止效果,即便后续处分被撤销,新增客户获取受限、声誉受损等负面影响也难以完全恢复。

在对薄公堂之后,FIU 对交易所的执法逻辑,在司法中遭遇了交易所的连续反击。对 FIU 来说,过去依靠行政处分推动行业合规的方式,正面临更高的程序与证明要求。

行业自律组织DAXA抗议“毒丸条款”

除了司法层面积极维护交易平台权益,韩国交易所在立法与行政规则层面也直接开启了“第二条战线”。

韩国金融当局正在推进《特定金融信息法》相关修订,意图进一步强化加密资产转移、客户确认、Travel Rule 和可疑交易报告机制。而其中一项“1000 万韩元以上的加密资产转移,可能被一律纳入 STR (可疑交易报告)报告范围”的规定,引发了加密行业强烈反弹。

韩国五大加密货币交易所自律组织DAXA 最先指出这项“毒丸条款”,存在STR标准可能违反法律保留原则的问题。现行特金法下,STR 的逻辑是金融机构在有合理根据怀疑交易涉及非法财产、洗钱等情形时进行报告。但修订案被行业理解为,只要加密资产转移金额达到 1000 万韩元(约6800美元)以上,就要向 FIU 报告。DAXA 认为,这相当于在下位法层面以金额标准创设新的报告义务,超出了上位法授权范围。

在原则性表态的同时,DAXA 也给该法律向交易所带来的冲击进行了测算。根据 DAXA 模拟,如果该规则执行,韩国 5 大韩元交易所的年度 STR 数量,将从现有约 6.3万件暴增至约544.5万件,增加约 85 倍,而庞大的增量可能让正常 AML 监控体系事实上陷入瘫痪。

而这些数字的背后,触及了 STR 制度的本质。STR 的价值原本在于“可疑性筛查”:交易所通过客户身份、资金来源、交易路径、链上地址风险、行为模式等因素识别异常交易,再向 FIU 报告。然而,如果大量正常的大额转账仅因金额触线就被纳入 STR,报告系统会被海量低质量信号淹没,FIU 处理真正高风险交易的能力反而可能下降。

这也是行业所谓“监管过度反而削弱 AML 效率”的核心论点。DAXA 也并未反对 AML 强化本身,而是认为,监管应保留风险基础方法(risk-based approach),而不是把“可疑交易报告”一刀切,简化成超过一定金额就进行报告。

韩国加密监管的“立法不足”与“执法过密”

韩国的加密监管长期有一个结构性矛盾。一方面,韩国是全球最活跃的加密交易市场之一,散户交易活跃、交易所集中度高、韩元市场影响力突出;另一方面,其数字资产基本法和稳定币、交易所、发行人等综合监管框架尚未完全成熟,很多监管动作主要依托特金法、AML 体系和 FIU 执法推进。

这种模式在早期有现实合理性。加密行业风险高,诈骗、跨境洗钱、未申报海外平台、匿名链上转移等问题确实需要强监管介入。FIU 通过 AML 义务把交易所纳入监管,是韩国建立加密市场秩序的重要一步。

过去,韩国加密交易所面对 FIU 处罚,更多是在行政程序中解释、申辩、整改。现在,行业正在把争议推向法院和立法意见程序。这意味着韩国加密监管正在进入一个新阶段:监管机构不再只是制定规则和执行处罚的一方,其规则解释、处分依据和程序正当性,也会被交易所、行业协会和法院共同审视。

更深层次来看,韩国头部交易所对监管层的反抗和冲击,是一场关于监管范式的再校准。这场冲突最终要解决的,是监管如何更可持续。

短期内,FIU 与交易所之间的拉锯可能会继续升级。Dunamu 案件已有上诉,Bithumb 的本案诉讼尚未终结,特金法修订也仍存在调整空间。而长期看,这场冲突可能反而有助于韩国形成更成熟的加密监管框架。

Perguntas relacionadas

Q根据文章,韩国加密交易所目前通过哪两种主要方式系统性挑战金融情报分析院(FIU)的监管?

A韩国加密交易所主要通过以下两种方式系统性挑战FIU的监管:1. 通过法院诉讼,对FIU的处罚决定提起行政诉讼,并要求法院撤销或暂停相关处分。2. 通过行业协会(如DAXA)在立法和行政规则层面提交意见书,反对FIU提出的不合理的规则修订(如“毒丸条款”)。

Q文章中提到的FIU意图修订的“毒丸条款”具体指什么?行业自律组织DAXA对此提出了哪些主要反对意见?

A“毒丸条款”是指韩国金融当局在《特定金融信息法》修订案中提出的一项规定:对于1000万韩元(约6800美元)以上的加密资产转移,可能被一律强制纳入可疑交易报告(STR)的报告范围。 DAXA的主要反对意见包括:1. 该规定可能违反法律保留原则,因为现行法律要求STR基于对交易“可疑性”的判断,而修订案以金额为标准创设新的义务,超出了上位法授权。2. 从操作层面看,这将导致STR报告数量暴增(预计增加约85倍),使AML监控体系被海量低质量信号淹没,反而削弱了识别和打击真正高风险交易的能力。

Q首尔行政法院在关于Upbit(Dunamu)和Bithumb的案件中,分别给出了怎样的判决或裁定?其核心关切点是什么?

A1. 在Upbit(Dunamu)案中,首尔行政法院在一审判决中支持了Dunamu的诉求,撤销了FIU对其作出的部分营业停止处分。核心关切点是:FIU对违规标准和处罚依据的说明不够明确,尤其是在针对100万韩元以下交易时,当时的监管标准和具体操作指引并未充分明确。法院认为,在交易所已采取一定措施的情况下,难以直接认定其存在故意或重大过失。 2. 在Bithumb案中,法院接受了其执行停止申请,决定在本案判决前暂停FIU“6个月部分营业停止”处分的效力。核心关切点是:如果处分在审理期间执行,将对Bithumb造成难以恢复的损害(如客户流失、声誉受损)。这两个案件共同的核心关切点是,法院不仅审查交易所是否违反义务,更强调FIU作出重处罚的程序正当性和证明标准的明确性。

Q文章指出,韩国加密监管存在一个什么样的结构性矛盾?

A韩国加密监管存在的结构性矛盾是:一方面,韩国是全球最活跃、散户交易非常活跃的加密交易市场之一;但另一方面,其数字资产基本法和针对稳定币、交易所、发行人等主体的综合监管框架尚未完全成熟。目前很多监管行动主要依托于《特定金融信息法》、反洗钱(AML)体系以及金融情报分析院(FIU)的执法来推进,呈现出“立法不足”与“执法过密”并存的局面。

Q文章认为,韩国交易所与FIU的这场正面冲突,长期来看可能带来什么积极影响?

A文章认为,从长期来看,这场冲突可能有助于韩国形成更成熟的加密监管框架。它标志着监管进入了新阶段:监管机构的规则解释、处罚依据和程序正当性,开始受到交易所、行业协会和司法系统的共同审视。这场关于监管范式的再校准,最终将推动监管朝着更可持续、更合理的方向发展。

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