【研报精选】美国非农指标降温意味着什么?

投研第一线Published on 2023-04-13Last updated on 2023-04-14

Abstract

中金宏观认为:过去一周海外市场的关注点在于美国劳动力市场的边际变化,周三公布的职位空缺率超预期下滑,显示企业招聘需求放缓,周五公布的非农数据总体稳健,新增就业边际上也有降温迹象。由此,未来劳动力市场可能还是会冷却,只是这次因劳动力供给下降,失业率上升速度或比以往经济周期更慢一些。

中金研究认为:

过去一周海外市场的关注点在于美国劳动力市场的边际变化,周三公布的职位空缺率超预期下滑,显示企业招聘需求放缓,周五公布的非农数据总体稳健,新增就业边际上也有降温迹象。我们认为,本轮美国经济下行周期中劳动力市场韧性超过以往,一个证据是职位空缺率持续下降后,失业率却没有上升。一个解释是因为劳动力供给不足,失业率在经济放缓的初期不会很快上升。但这并不意味着未来失业率也不会上升。失业取决于两个因素,一是企业裁员的幅度,二是失业者再就业的难度,随着加息深化,美国许多科技和金融企业宣布裁员,而招聘需求的放缓也意味着再就业的难度增加。由此,未来劳动力市场可能还是会冷却,只是这次因劳动力供给下降,失业率上升速度或比以往经济周期更慢一些。

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► 美国2月职位空缺数据明显下滑,幅度超市场预期。上周三美国劳工统计局BLS发布的职位空缺和劳动力流动调查报告(JOLTS)显示,2月职位空缺数(job opening)下降至993.1万,为2021年5月以来最低水平,前值也从1082.4万下修至1056.3万,这意味着年初以来空缺职位下降了近100万个。每个失业人数对应的空缺职位数从前期高点的2.01个下降至最新的1.67个,表明劳动力市场的“紧度”在下降。主动离职率(quit rate)从前期高点的3.0%下降至最新的2.6%,主动离职人数的减少也意味着劳动力市场在降温。

图表:美国非农职位空缺率大幅下挫,非农离职率小幅抬升,不过二者过去一段时间均趋势下滑

资料来源:Haver,中金公司研究部

图表:平均每一个失业人员对应1.67个空缺岗位

注:2000年12月以前使用数据为HWI中数据,"Building a composite Help-Wanted Index" (Barnichon, 2010)

资料来源:Haver,中金公司研究部

► 职位空缺率的下降对美国劳动力市场再平衡意义重大。新冠疫情以来,美国劳动力供需匹配严重失衡,一个证据是贝弗里奇曲线(Beveridge curve)向外移动,职位空缺率与失业率同步上升。如果未来职位空缺率下降,且没有带来失业率上升,那么贝弗里奇曲线向内移动,美国就可以在不以牺牲就业为代价降低通胀,美国经济就能实现“软着陆”[1],但如果职位空缺率下降的同时失业率上升,经济衰退的概率就会大大增加。历史上职位空缺率见顶下降后失业率通常都会上升,根据Blanchard & Summers的研究[2],平均来看,空缺率见顶后的6、12、24个月内,失业率分别上升0.3、1.0、2.1个百分点。

图表:失业率和职位空缺率在职位空缺率达到峰值后的变化

资料来源:Haver,Blanchard, O., Domash, A., & Summers, L. H. (2022). Bad news for the Fed from the Beveridge space. Peterson Institute for International Economics Policy Brief, 22-7.,中金公司研究部

►那么现实情况是什么样的呢?数据显示,职位空缺率从2022年3月最高点的7.4%下降至今年2月的6.0%,在此期间失业率维持在3.5%左右,没有明显变化。也就是说,过去一年职位空缺率从高点显著下降,但失业率却没有上升。这看上去与历史规律不符,但仔细推敲可以发现,本轮经济复苏因为存在劳动力供给短缺,企业招聘需求得不到满足,导致职位空缺率的高点远高于以往经济周期。而随着货币紧缩深化,经济总需求放缓,企业的招聘需求放缓,职位空缺率开始下降,但因为劳动力供给仍然不足,失业率在经济放缓的初期却未必会上升。

►这是否意味着未来失业率也不会上升呢?历史表明失业率一般取决于两个因素,一是企业裁员的幅度,二是失业者再就业的难度。随着经济放缓,自去年底以来美国许多科技业、金融业大公司纷纷宣布裁员,从最新的周度失业金申领数据来看,初次申领失业金人数已超过2018、2019年同期,持续申领失业金的人数也接近疫情前同期的水平,显示企业裁员的影响在逐步显现。另一方面,如上所述,我们认为经济放缓导致企业招聘需求放缓,失业者再就业的难度也将逐步上升。由此来看,未来失业率仍可能上升,只是由于劳动力供给下降,失业率上升的速度可能会比以往经济周期更慢一些。

图表:周度首次申请失业金人数已超过疫情前同期

资料来源:Haver,中金公司研究部

图表:持续申领失业金人数也已接近疫情前同期

资料来源:Haver,中金公司研究部

►美国3月非农数据仍然稳健,新增就业边际上也有降温迹象。3月新增非农就业23.6万人,较上月的32.6万下滑,其中教育医疗(+6.5万人)、休闲住宿(+7.2万人)和政府部门(+4.7万人)就业增长较多,而疫情前期招聘较多的零售(-1.5万人)、临时支持服务(-1.1万人)以及建筑(-9千人)、制造(-1千人)行业的新增就业有所下降。虽然3月新增非农已是今年以来连续第三月下降,但超过20万的新增就业也仍高于疫情前水平。3月失业率再度下降至3.5%这一历史低位,劳动参与率小幅上升至62.6%,显示劳动力供给有所恢复。供给修复叠加需求趋缓,非农小时工资同比增速回落至4.2%(前值4.6%),工资通胀压力有所减弱。

图表:美国劳动力市场数据概览

资料来源:Wind,Haver, 中金公司研究部

图表:美国分行业非农就业与工资数据

资料来源:Wind,中金公司研究部

图表:美国3月新增非农就业人数连续三月回落

资料来源:Haver,中金公司研究部

图表:美国3月失业率回落至3.5%

资料来源:Haver,中金公司研究部

图表:美国3月劳动参与率小幅恢复至62.6%

资料来源:Haver,中金公司研究部

图表:分年龄来看,55岁以上老龄劳动力恢复乏力

资料来源:Fred,中金公司研究部

图表:私人非农时薪增速有所回落

资料来源:Haver,中金公司研究部

►其他数据方面,美国3月ISM制造业PMI指数46.3,较上月的47.7进一步下降,创2020年5月以来新低,几乎所有分项指数都处于萎缩区间,且就业分项已持续两个月在50的枯荣线之下。3月ISM服务业PMI指数也从上月的55.1下滑至3月的51.2。从分项看,具有前瞻性的新订单指数从上月的62.6大幅下挫至52.2,表明服务业需求在降温,就业指数从上月的54回落至51.3,显示企业招聘活动放缓。我们认为,由于服务业吸纳就业较多,服务业景气度的下滑对整体劳动力市场降温将起到重要助推作用。

图表:美国ISM制造业与非制造业PMI均有所下滑,尤其是非制造业新订单、新出口订单分项均大幅下挫

资料来源:Wind,中金公司研究部

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